Ethnozoology of snakebite victims in a risk area in Northeast Brazil.

This study had the objectives to describe and analyze the perceptions and attitudes of snakebite victims in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied as snakebite victims to identify the characteristics of the accident, their daily life, as well as positive and negative attitudes towards snake conservation and knowledge about species. Information about the possible uses of traditional treatment, allopathic care characteristics along with the symptoms and sequelae resulting from the accident were also recorded. The results obtained revealed that accidents mostly occurred during the development of their daily activities (i.e. during agricultural activities, in hunting activities in the mountains, in caring for farm animals, etc); most accidents are associated with Caatinga lancehead (Jararaca; Bothrops erythromelas); the bites usually affect the limbs, 75% (n = 46) feet, and the victims resort to medical assistance for specific treatment, although some seek this service after using or ingesting medicinal or popular/home-made therapeutic resources. The most relevant characteristics detected in these accidents were the strong influence of myths about traditional treatment (20%, n = 12) and the knowledge about identifying common snake species in the region (66%, n = 40). No perception was detected about the importance of these animals, but there were negative attitudes when finding a snake, fear/panic (34%, n = 21); kill the snake (23%, n = 14), thus constituting facts which may be related to the deficiency in the education level of this population which is interfering in environmental and public health issues. Work on improving the knowledge and local perception could subsidize actions and policies aimed to prevent accidents, demystify snakes and contribute to the conservation of the species.

Antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activity evaluation of ruminants' body fat used as zootherapeutics in ethnoveterinary practices in Northeast Brazil.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Northeast Brazilian ethnoveterinary studies associated with the medicinal use of zootherapies have shown that ruminants' body fat such as sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus) and cows (Bos taurus) are used in diseases affecting domestic animals. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fixed oils from these ruminants in isolation and in association with antibiotics. RESULTS: Ovis aries (OFOA), Capra hircus (OFCH) and Bos taurus (OFBT) fixed oils were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with hexane as the solvent. Through the use of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) the methyl esters from the ruminants' fixed oils were obtained and the fatty acids present in these oils were indirectly determined. The OFOA, OFCH and OFBT antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activities against standard and multi-resistant bacterial strains were carried out using the broth microdilution test. The fixed oils from these species did not present antibacterial activity when tested in isolation, obtaining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) values ≥ 1024 µg/mL. However, when associated with antibiotics, OFBT and OFCH showed a synergistic activity for the Amicacin, Amoxicillin, Norfloxacin and Oxytetracycline antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The OFOA promoted a synergistic action for the same antibiotics with the exception of Norfloxacin.

Antibacterial, modulatory activity of antibiotics and toxicity from Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) (Anura: Bufonidae) glandular secretions.

The increase in microorganisms with resistance to medications has caused a strong preoccupation within the medical and scientific community. Animal toxins studies, such as parotoid glandular secretions from amphibians, possesses a great potential in the development of drugs, such as antimicrobials, as these possess bioactive compounds. It was evaluated Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) glandular secretions against standard and multi-resistant bacterial strains; the effect of secretions combined with drugs; and determined the toxicity using two biologic in vivo models, and a in vitro model with mice livers. Standard strains were used for the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), while for the modulatory activity of antibiotics, the clinical isolates Escherichia coli 06, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 03 and Staphylococcus aureus 10 were used. Modulatory activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method with aminoglycosides and ß-lactams as target antibiotics. The secretions in association with the antibiotics have a significant reduction in MIC, both the aminoglycosides and ß-lactams. The toxicity and cytotoxicity results were lower than the values used in the modulation. R. jimi glandular secretions demonstrated clinically relevant results regarding the modulation of the tested antimicrobials.

Chemical Composition and Validation of the Ethnopharmacological Reported Antimicrobial Activity of the Body Fat of Phrynops geoffroanus Used in Traditional Medicine.

Background. Phrynops geoffroanus is a small turtle that inhabits lakes, rivers, and streams throughout South America. The body fat of this animal is used as a folk medicine in Brazil for treating illnesses such as sore throats, ear aches, mumps, rheumatism, and arthritis. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from Phrynops geoffroanus (OPG), determined its chemical composition, and discussed the implications of its use in traditional medicine. The OPG was obtained from the ventral region of this turtle using hexane as a solvent. The antimicrobial activity of OPG was tested against standard and multiresistance strains of bacteria and fungi and its composition was determined indirectly by analyzing the methyl esters of the component fatty acids. The OPG presented a clinically relevant antifungal activity against Candida krusei ATCC 6258 (MIC 128 µg/mL). When the OPG was associated with the antibacterial and antifungal drugs, was observed a synergistic effect when associated the OPG with the gentamicin against the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22. Our results indicated that OPG has clinically relevant antifungal activity against C. krusei, and demonstrated synergetic antibacterial activity in combination with commercial antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Use and knowledge of Cactaceae in Northeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to record the use, and knowledge that residents from São Francisco community (Paraiba, Brazil) have regarding the Cactaceae. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 118 informants; 50 men and 68 women. The cacti cited in this study were organised into use categories and use values were calculated. Differences in the values applied to species and use categories by men and women were compared via a G test (Williams). RESULTS: The nine species identified were: Cereus jamacaru DC., Melocactus bahiensis (Brtitton & Rose) Luetzelb., Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck., Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill, Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw., Pilosocereus gounellei (F.A.C. Weber) Byles & Rowley, Pilosocereus pachycladus F. Ritter, Tacinga inamoena (K. Schum) N.P. Taylor & Stuppy, Tacinga palmadora (Britton & Rose) N.P. Taylor & Stuppy. In total, 1,129 use citations were recorded, divided into 11 categories. The use value categories with the highest scores were forage (0.42), food (0.30) and construction (building) (0.25). P. pachycladus showed the greatest use value, versatility and number of plant parts used. CONCLUSION: The survey showed that the Cactaceae is extremely important for several uses and categories attributed to different species. Apart from contributing to the ethnobotanical knowledge of the Cactaceae, another important focus of this study was to reinforce the necessity for further studies that record the traditional knowledge about this plant family, which has been lost in younger generations.

Evaluations of the Antimicrobial Activities and Chemical Compositions of Body Fat from the Amphibians Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro (1926) and Leptodactylus vastus Adolf Lutz (1930) in Northeastern Brazil.

Leptodactylus macrosternum and L. vastus (family: Leptodactylidae) are commonly encountered in the "Caatinga" biome in northern Brazil. The body fat of L. vastus is used as a zootherapeutic for treating a number of human maladies. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of the body fats of L. macrosternum and L. vastus and to evaluate their antimicrobial activities as well as the ecological implications of their use in traditional folk medicine. Oils were extracted from body fat located in the ventral region of L. macrosternum (OLM) and L. vastus (OLV) using hexane as a solvent. The fatty acids were identified by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activities of the oils, either alone or in combination with antibiotics and antifungal drugs, were tested on standard strains of microorganisms as well as on multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus. OLM contained 40% saturated and 60% unsaturated fatty acids, while OLV contained 58.33% saturated and 41.67% unsaturated fatty acids. Our results indicated that both OLM and OLV demonstrated relevant antimicrobial activities (with MIC 256 µ g/mL for both) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida krusei. However, no antimicrobial effects were observed when these oils were combined with antibiotics or antifungal drugs.

The trade in medicinal animals in northeastern Brazil.

Over the centuries, a significant part of the Brazilian fauna is widely sold, more specifically in retail stores or street markets. The objective was to characterize the sale of medicinal animals in five large northeast cities. Information about the sale of zootherapeutic items was obtained in the cities of Aracaju-SE, Fortaleza-CE, Maceio-AL, Recife-PE, and Salvador-BA. A total of 68 animal species were sold for medicinal purposes in the cities studied; these are the first results on the use and sale of zootherapeutics in the markets of Aracaju, Fortaleza, and Salvador and first recorded on the medicinal use of the Achatina fulica, Trachycardium muricatum, Philodryas olfersii, Desmodus rotundus, and Leptodactylus vastus. Knowledge of the fauna utilized popular medicine is indispensable for conservation, demonstrating that research on this subject is necessary to determine appropriate practices for the management of the fauna.

Intracultural variation in the knowledge of medicinal plants in an urban-rural community in the atlantic forest from northeastern Brazil.

This study assessed the intracultural knowledge of the use of medicinal plants in an urban-rural community in an Atlantic forest fragment in northeastern Brazil. We examined the importance of native and exotic species and the effects of gender and age on that knowledge. We also compared data obtained from different groups of informants (local experts and general community). We conducted 194 interviews between June 2007 and January 2008, using the freelist technique and semistructured forms to collect ethnobotanical data. Information obtained from the community was compared with that from six local experts who participated in a survey in 2003. From a total of 209 ethnospecies, exotic and herbaceous plants presented higher richness. With respect to the number of citations, women and older informants were shown to know a higher number of medicinal plants. Comparing knowledge of local experts with that of the general community, we noted that experts know a similar wealth of plant families and therapeutic indications, but the community knows a greater species richness. These results indicate that local experts may provide useful information for studies that search for a quick diagnosis of the knowledge of a given community.

The influence of religiosity on health.

The relationship between religion and health has been a subject of interest in the past and in the latest years becoming increasingly visible in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Among several approaches to be considered, the present work provides a briefly discuss concerning the bond between health and religiosity in the cure process and diseases treatment. Several investigations show that religious participation is related with better outcomes for persons who are recovering from physical and mental illness, also the psychology science have committed special issues to positive correlations between religious belief and practice, mental and physical health and longevity. On the other hand, religion may also be associated with negative outcomes and the inappropriate use of health services as fanaticism, asceticism, mortifications and oppressive traditionalism. The potential for both positive and negative effects of spirituality on health, combined with the high levels of engagement with spirituality suggests that this area is ripe for future sustained research. Independent of the possible mechanisms, if individuals receive health profits by the religion; those should be motivated, respecting the individual faith of each one.

The influence of religiosity on health / Influência da religiosidade na saúde

The relationship between religion and health has been a subject of interest in the past and in the latest years becoming increasingly visible in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Among several approaches to be considered, the present work provides a briefly discuss concerning the bond between health and religiosity in the cure process and diseases treatment. Several investigations show that religious participation is related with better outcomes for persons who are recovering from physical and mental illness, also the psychology science have committed special issues to positive correlations between religious belief and practice, mental and physical health and longevity. On the other hand, religion may also be associated with negative outcomes and the inappropriate use of health services as fanaticism, asceticism, mortifications and oppressive traditionalism. The potential for both positive and negative effects of spirituality on health, combined with the high levels of engagement with spirituality suggests that this area is ripe for future sustained research. Independent of the possible mechanisms, if individuals receive health profits by the religion; those should be motivated, respecting the individual faith of each one.

Historicamente, as relações entre religião e saúde foram assuntos de interesse no passado e,atualmente, tornaram-se crescentemente visíveis nas reuniões sociais, de comportamento e ciências da saúde. Dentre as várias questões a serem consideradas, o presente trabalho apresenta uma breve discussão sobre as relações entre a saúde e a religiosidade no processo de cura e tratamento de doenças. Várias investigações mostram que a participação religiosa está relacionada a efeitos benéficos para pessoas que estão em recuperação de doenças físicas e mentais, inclusive a psicologia aborda questões especiais sobre as correlações positivas entre convicção e prática religiosa, saúde mental, física e longevidade. Por outro lado, a religião também pode ser associada a resultados negativos e usos impróprios de serviços de saúde, como fanatismo, asceticismo, mortificações e tradicionalismo opressivo. O potencial para efeitos positivos e negativos de espiritualismo em saúde, combinado com os altos níveis de compromisso com a espiritualidade, evidencia a necessidade de pesquisas futuras. Independente dos possíveis mecanismos, se os indivíduos lucram em termos de saúde por conta da religião, esses deveriam ser motivados, respeitando as convicções individuais de cada um.

Etnobotânica e etnozoologia em unidades de conservação: Uso da biodiversidade na apa de genipabu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Ethnobotany and ethnozoology in conservation areas: Use of biodiversity in the apa-genipabu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Etnobotánica y etnozoología en unidades de conservación: Uso de la biodiversidad en la apa de genipabu, Rio Grande del Norte, Brasil

O uso sustentável dos recursos naturais deve possuir como uma das suas premissas a compreensão das interações entre as populações humanas e seu meio ambiente. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo analisou aspectos da interação entre as populações humanas e a biodiversidade da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Genipabu (APA-Genipabu), litoral do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram realizadas 60 entrevistas livres com moradores de três comunidades da APA-Genipabu. Os questionários abordavam pontos sobre a percepção geral da área, conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade local e seus eventuais usos. Um total de 82% dos entrevistados não tem conhecimento dos propósitos de uma Área de Proteção Ambiental. Os entrevistados reconheceram 172 animais (131 vertebrados e 41 invertebrados) e 97 tipos de plantas (48 famílias). As espécies que possuem algum valor utilitário apareceram entre as mais citadas. Três espécies de animais constam na lista de espécies ameaçadas no Brasil. Dentre os pontos positivos relacionados à APA-Genipabu, os entrevistados apontaram a preservação das dunas, animais, plantas, lagoas e manutenção da paisagem para o turismo. É importante reconhecer e nutrir os aspectos considerados positivos pelos moradores da APA-Genipabu, buscando o estabelecimento das medidas de conservação na região.

The sustainable use of natural resources by local populations must be based on an understanding of the relationships between humans and their environment. In this context, the present study analyzed aspects of the interactions between human populations and the biodiversity found in the Genipabu Environmental Protection Area (APA-Genipabu), coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A total of 60 open interviews were carried out in three communities established within the APA-Genipabu, with questions designed to inquire aspects of their general perception of the area and their knowledge and use of the local biodiversity. Approximately 82% of the residents do not fully understand the concepts behind creating a conservation area. The interviewees identified 97 plants species (belonging to 48 families) and 172 animals (131 vertebrates and 41 invertebrates), including three animal species considered endangered in Brazil. Useful species were most often cited. Among the positive perceptions of the APA-Genipabu, interviewees cited the importance of preserving the sand dunes, animals, plants and lakes, and maintaining the natural landscape to attract tourism. In order to improve conservation strategies in the Protection Area it will be important to build on the positive aspects of the reserve that were cited by the local population and provide these people with more information about its conservation goals.

El uso sustentable de los recursos naturales debe poseer, como una de sus premisas, la comprensión de las interacciones entre las poblaciones humanas y su medio ambiente. En ese contexto, el presente estudio analizó los aspectos de la interacción entre las poblaciones humanas y la biodiversidad de la Área de Protección Ambiental de Genipabu (APA-Genipabu), litoral del Estado de Rio Grande del Norte, Brasil. Fueron realizadas 60 entrevistas libres con los residentes de tres comunidades de la APA-Genipabu. Los cuestionarios incluyen preguntas sobre la percepción general del área, conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad local y su eventual utilización. Aproximadamente 82% de los entrevistados no tienen conocimiento de los propósitos de un Área de Protección Ambiental. Los entrevistados reconocieron 172 animales (131 vertebrados y 41 invertebrados) y 97 tipos de plantas (48 familias). Las especies que poseen algún valor de utilidad aparecen entre las más citadas. Tres especies de animales constan en la lista de especies amenazadas de extinción en el Brasil. Entre los puntos positivos relacionados con la APA-Genipabu, los entrevistados señalaron la preservación de dunas, animales, plantas, lagunas y la manutención del paisaje para el turismo. Es importante reconocer y fomentar los aspectos considerados como positivos por los residentes en la APA-Genipabu, buscando el establecimiento de las medidas de conservación en la región.

O uso dos recursos pesqueiros no estuário do rio mamanguape, estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Use of fishing resources in the mamanguape river estuary, Paraiba state, Brazil / Utilización de los recusos pesqueros en el estuario del río mamanguape, estado de Paraiba, Brasil

O complexo estuário-manguezal possui um elevado capital natural, fornecendo diversos serviços ecológicos e recursos naturais para as comunidades costeiras, de uso na subsistência ou na economia local. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo inventariar os usos dos recursos pesqueiros provenientes do estuário do Rio Mamanguape localizado no Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para isto, foi utilizada uma proposta metodológica que envolveu a combinação de métodos qualitativos (entrevistas e observação direta) e quantitativos (valor de uso e concordância de uso principal corrigido). Foram entrevistadas 30 pessoas, sendo registrado o uso de 68 espécies, entre peixes, crustáceos e moluscos. As espécies mais importantes foram Opisthonema oglinum, Anomalocardia brasiliana, Mugil curema, Crassostrea rhizophorae, Ucides cordatus, Centropomus sp. e Panulirus argus. As espécies são utilizadas principalmente para comercialização e consumo local, entretanto, algumas delas são utilizadas para fins medicinais (usos zooterapêuticos) e como iscas para captura de outras espécies. A biodiversidade de recursos explorados registrada neste trabalho evidencia a importância dos manguezais para as comunidades que aí se desenvolvem e os dados obtidos podem servir de base para a elaboração de projetos de manejo que visem à conservação dos recursos e da diversidade cultural.

Estuary-mangrove complexes possess a rich natural capital and furnish diverse ecological services and natural resources to local coastal communities for both subsistence and economic ends. The present work presents an inventory of the uses of fishing resources at the Mamanguape River estuary, located in Paraíba State, Brazil. The inventory was prepared using a methodological approach that involved a combination of qualitative (interviews and direct observations) and quantitative (use-value and corrected principal-use concordance) approaches. A total of 30 people were interviewed and 68 species of fish, crustaceans and mollusks were identified as being used. The most important species were Opisthonema oglinum, Anomalocardia brasiliana, Mugil curema, Crassostrea rhizophorae, Ucides cordatus, Centropomus sp. and Panulirus argus. The species harvested are principally commercialized or consumed locally, although some are used for medicinal (zootherapeutic) purposes and as bait to capture other species. The biodiversity of the resources reported here is indicative of the importance of mangrove swamps for the local communities, and the data can be used for the design of management projects directed towards the conservation of both regional natural resources and cultural diversity.

El complejo estuario-manglar tiene un elevado capital natural, proporcionando varios servicios ecológicos y recursos naturales a las comunidades costeras, para el uso en la subsistencia o en la economía local. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo inventariar los usos de los recursos pesqueros provenientes del estuario del Río Mamanguape (ERM), localizado en el Estado de Paraíba, Brasil. Para ello fue utilizada una propuesta metodológica que incluyó la combinación de métodos cualitativos (entrevistas y observación directa) y cuantitativos (valor de uso y concordancia de uso principal corregido). Fueron entrevistadas 30 personas, registrándose el uso de 68 especies entre peces, crustáceos y moluscos. Las especies más importantes identificadas fueron Opisthonema oglinum, Anomalocardia brasiliana, Mugil curema, Crassostrea rhizophorae, Ucides cordatus, Centropomus sp. y Panulirus argus. Las especies son utilizadas principalmente para la comercialización y consumo local; sin embargo, algunas de ellas son utilizadas para fines medicinales (usos zooterapéuticos) y como cebo para la captura de otras especies. La biodiversidad de recursos registrada en este trabajo demuestra la importancia de los manglares para las comunidades que allí se desenvuelven y los datos obtenidos pueden servir de base para la elaboración del proyectos de manejo que persigan la conservación de los recursos e en la diversidad cultural.